Skip to main content

Traditional Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA), which were created in 1974, are owned by roughly 36.6 million U.S. households. And Roth IRAs, created as part of the Taxpayer Relief Act in 1997, are owned by nearly 27.3 million households.

Both are IRAs. And yet, each is quite different.

Up to certain limits, traditional IRAs allow individuals to make tax-deductible contributions to their account(s). Distributions from traditional IRAs are taxed as ordinary income, and if taken before age 59½, may be subject to a 10% federal income tax penalty. Generally, once you reach age 73, you must begin taking the required minimum distributions.

For individuals covered by a retirement plan at work, the deduction for a traditional IRA in 2023 is phased out for incomes between $116,000 and $136,000 for married couples filing jointly, and between $73,000 and $83,000 for single filers.

Piggy bank

Also, within certain limits, individuals can make contributions to a Roth IRA with after-tax dollars. To qualify for a tax-free and penalty-free withdrawal of earnings, Roth IRA distributions must meet a five-year holding requirement and occur after age 59½.

Like a traditional IRA, contributions to a Roth IRA are limited based on income. For 2023, contributions to a Roth IRA are phased out between $218,000 and $228,000 for married couples filing jointly and between $138,000 and $153,000 for single filers.

In addition to contribution and distribution rules, there are limits on how much can be contributed each year to either IRA. In fact, these limits apply to any combination of IRAs; that is, workers cannot put more than $6,500 per year into their Roth and traditional IRAs combined. So, if a worker contributed $3,500 in a given year into a traditional IRA, contributions to a Roth IRA would be limited to $3,000 in that same year.

Individuals who reach age 50 or older by the end of the tax year can qualify for “catch-up” contributions. The combined limit for these is $7,500.

Both traditional and Roth IRAs can play a part in your retirement plans. And once you’ve figured out which will work better for you, only one task remains: open an account.5

Features of Traditional and Roth IRAs

 Traditional IRARoth IRA
Tax-deductible contributionsYes*No
Tax-deferred growthYesYes
Tax-free withdrawalsNo**Yes***
Income limit for 2023 contributionsDeduction phases out for adjusted gross incomes between $116,000 and $136,000 (married filing jointly) or between $73,000 and $83,000 (single filer)4Eligibility phases out for adjusted gross incomes between $218,000 and $228,000 (married filing jointly) or between $138,000 and $153,000 (single filer)5
Distributions required at age 73?YesNo


* Up to certain limits

** Distributions from traditional IRAs are taxed as ordinary income, and if taken before age 59½, may be subject to a 10% federal income tax penalty. Generally, once you reach age 73, you must begin taking the required minimum distributions.

*** To qualify, Roth IRA distributions must meet a five-year holding requirement and occur after age 59½.

Leave a Reply